1 10 111 https://arxiupmaragall.catalunyaeuropa.net/files/original/27/3695/FMHP_00837.jpeg 92cf33abb360002d50944c786b2b9b27 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 12.01. Activitat de representació (com a President) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-2006 Description An account of the resource Aplega els expedients i documents emanats de l'activitat protocol·lària i de projecció pública com a President de la Generalitat. Imatge fixa A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Format original The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 26/11/2005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Moreno, Rubén Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Palau de la Generalitat Title A name given to the resource Foto de grup a la cloenda de la conferència de Ciutats i Regions Euromediterrànies Subject The topic of the resource Conferències Relacions internacionals Ciutats Mediterrània, Regió Maragall Mira, Pasqual, 1941- Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Aquest document és còpia digital de l'original custodiat a l'Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya. EAD Archive The Encoded Archival Description is a common standard used to describe collections of small pieces and to create hierarchical and structured finding aids. Level The hierarchical level of the materials being described by the element (may be other level too). Document Fotografies https://arxiupmaragall.catalunyaeuropa.net/files/original/27/3432/FMHP_00571.jpg 407d8b20ed164907ff046feb0048c86c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 12.01. Activitat de representació (com a President) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-2006 Description An account of the resource Aplega els expedients i documents emanats de l'activitat protocol·lària i de projecció pública com a President de la Generalitat. Imatge fixa A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Format original The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 13/09/2004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bedmar, Jordi Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Fòrum de Barcelona Title A name given to the resource Foto de grup a la inauguració del Fòrum Urbà Mundial amb el Primer Ministre del Líban Subject The topic of the resource Reunions Cultura Relacions internacionals Presidents Ministres Ciutats Maragall Mira, Pasqual, 1941- Hariri, Rafiq Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Aquest document és còpia digital de l'original custodiat a l'Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya. EAD Archive The Encoded Archival Description is a common standard used to describe collections of small pieces and to create hierarchical and structured finding aids. Level The hierarchical level of the materials being described by the element (may be other level too). Document Fotografies https://arxiupmaragall.catalunyaeuropa.net/files/original/27/3405/FMHP_00544.jpg 20e61187c772928b956b357f0637b619 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 12.01. Activitat de representació (com a President) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-2006 Description An account of the resource Aplega els expedients i documents emanats de l'activitat protocol·lària i de projecció pública com a President de la Generalitat. Imatge fixa A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Format original The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 06/07/2004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bedmar, Jordi Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Palau de la Generalitat Title A name given to the resource Pasqual Maragall parlantla cloenda de les Jornades E-Governance Subject The topic of the resource Discursos Congressos i conferències Tecnologia de la informació Administració pública Ciutats Regions Maragall Mira, Pasqual, 1941- Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Aquest document és còpia digital de l'original custodiat a l'Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya. EAD Archive The Encoded Archival Description is a common standard used to describe collections of small pieces and to create hierarchical and structured finding aids. Level The hierarchical level of the materials being described by the element (may be other level too). Document Fotografies https://arxiupmaragall.catalunyaeuropa.net/files/original/27/3355/FMHP_00494.jpg c3b046e23204bda6747b887e27b9e86d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 12.01. Activitat de representació (com a President) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-2006 Description An account of the resource Aplega els expedients i documents emanats de l'activitat protocol·lària i de projecció pública com a President de la Generalitat. Imatge fixa A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Format original The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 29/06/2004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bedmar, Jordi Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Palau de la Generalitat Title A name given to the resource Foto de grup de la reunió amb l'alcalde de La Coruña Subject The topic of the resource Reunions Alcaldes Ciutats Comunitats autònomes Periodistes Maragall Mira, Pasqual, 1941- Vazquez, Francisco Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Aquest document és còpia digital de l'original custodiat a l'Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya. EAD Archive The Encoded Archival Description is a common standard used to describe collections of small pieces and to create hierarchical and structured finding aids. Level The hierarchical level of the materials being described by the element (may be other level too). Document Fotografies https://arxiupmaragall.catalunyaeuropa.net/files/original/27/3332/FMHP_00471.bmp df96e3dfcf010ed03892a74c97ba5680 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 12.01. Activitat de representació (com a President) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-2006 Description An account of the resource Aplega els expedients i documents emanats de l'activitat protocol·lària i de projecció pública com a President de la Generalitat. Imatge fixa A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Format original The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 06/10/2004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bedmar, Jordi Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Palau de la Generalitat Title A name given to the resource Foto de grup de la reunió de la AMB Subject The topic of the resource Reunions Consellers Alcaldes Ciutats Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona Maragall Mira, Pasqual, 1941- Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Aquest document és còpia digital de l'original custodiat a l'Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya. EAD Archive The Encoded Archival Description is a common standard used to describe collections of small pieces and to create hierarchical and structured finding aids. Level The hierarchical level of the materials being described by the element (may be other level too). Document Fotografies https://arxiupmaragall.catalunyaeuropa.net/files/original/27/3305/FMHP_00444.jpg 7b6391f23bec5bd1b0bc767e1c04ddd9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 12.01. Activitat de representació (com a President) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-2006 Description An account of the resource Aplega els expedients i documents emanats de l'activitat protocol·lària i de projecció pública com a President de la Generalitat. Imatge fixa A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Format original The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 16/07/2004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Moreno, Rubén Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Balaguer Title A name given to the resource Foto de grup de la visita a Balaguer Subject The topic of the resource Ciutats Carrers Balcons Maragall Mira, Pasqual, 1941- Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Aquest document és còpia digital de l'original custodiat a l'Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya. EAD Archive The Encoded Archival Description is a common standard used to describe collections of small pieces and to create hierarchical and structured finding aids. Level The hierarchical level of the materials being described by the element (may be other level too). Document Fotografies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 05. Recursos d'informació Type The nature or genre of the resource Sèrie Description An account of the resource Aplega la documentació bibliogràfica relacionada amb Pasqual Maragall (no generada per ell). Hyperlink A link, or reference, to another resource on the Internet. URL <a href="https://elpais.com/quadern/art-i-arquitectura/2024-05-07/suburbia-la-nova-atenes.html#?prm=copy_link" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://elpais.com/quadern/art-i-arquitectura/2024-05-07/suburbia-la-nova-atenes.html#?prm=copy_link</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource ‘Suburbia’, la nova Atenes? Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nel·lo, Oriol Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2024-05-07 Type The nature or genre of the resource Article Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Textual Language A language of the resource Català Subject The topic of the resource Urbanisme Barris Economia Maragall Mira, Pasqual, 1941- Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona Ciutats Barcelona Description An account of the resource Article publicat al suplement "Quadern" del diari El País. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived El País Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://elpais.com/quadern/art-i-arquitectura/2024-05-07/suburbia-la-nova-atenes.html#?prm=copy_link" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://elpais.com/quadern/art-i-arquitectura/2024-05-07/suburbia-la-nova-atenes.html#?prm=copy_link</a> EAD Archive The Encoded Archival Description is a common standard used to describe collections of small pieces and to create hierarchical and structured finding aids. Level The hierarchical level of the materials being described by the element (may be other level too). Document Articles Sobre Pasqual Maragall https://arxiupmaragall.catalunyaeuropa.net/files/original/8/2841/23_13.pdf 838cfe888c87c10508cdc2d24cc39f93 PDF Text Text FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO A SUCCESSFUL AND PROSPEROUS REGION IN A GLOBAL WORLD Pasqual Maragall SUMMER 2000 My experience with Swedish cities Global village or a globe of cities From the system of cities to the single city A proposal. �À^M v J ., VU ! ' ^i, 1 i6r,H'" '" | V v - ^ ,. k,ví^' I want to express my gratitude to the City of Malmô, the Swedish Federation of Municipalities, and the Forenings Sparbanken and in particular to M.Sòren Andersen, Deputy Managing Director and M. Ulf Svensson, Head of the KOMMEK -committee. M. SVENSSON, who must have a first class data base, has been trying for a number of years to get me to this growingly important meeting on urban and regional policy. My life changed a bit in the last four years. I ceased to be Mayor of Barcelona after 15 years of office; immediately after I quitted the Presidency of the Committee of the Regions of the European Union and embarked in teaching at the 3 rd University of Rome a course of one semester about "A Closer Europe" . Back to Barcelona I engaged in candidating for the Presidency of the Government of Catalonia but even winning in popular vote I wasn't able to overcome the subtelties of the electoral law and the alliance of the Catalan nationalist coalition with M. Aznar's Popular Party: thanks God, this permits me to be here to-day. Nevertheless I promise to come back next time as President of Catalonia, if fortune helps. My wife and I feel always at home in Sweden. 2 �3 ÍMv expérience with Swedish Citicsl I have learnt a lot out of my stages in Stockholm, Goteborg and Malmoë with myfriendsMatts Huit, Lisbet Palme and Gunnar Ericson, the former member of the International Olympic Committee. Stockholm was bold enough to launch the so-called Bangemann Challenge, a project confronting a number of Eurocities in the implementation of the 10 recommendations of the Commission on the Information Society who wore the name of the then member of the European Commission. This initiative was a pioneer one. I want to stress here my belief in the European network of cities and regions as one of our main assets in global competition. Global companies are decissive. But global cities and their metropolitan regions are decisive as well. Externalities count. If global companies are able to understand to what extent their long term success depends on the existence of strong local and regional communities, we will approach a kind of welfare optimum. Otherwise we will not. Negative externalities, such as pollution, divided communities, and the new social divisions stemmingfromdifferent levels of iníòrmatization, will eat up the benefits of global competition. Europe has to show that this new equilibrium between markets and social cohesion is possible. I am no talking about theoretical concepts: I talk about real and specific regions and cities where global competition and the quality of local life do not hinder each other. The dialogue between these to main factors of modern Ufe, territory or community and economic exchanges, has to have strong and concerned actors. And you in Scandinavia are again one of our references in this field. I recall the strong impression obtained out of the the visit to the House of Science, at Chalmers University, in Goteborg, where close to a hundred firms were being created, and not only small ones. Indebo had been among them. Since my return to Barcelona I used some of the inputs I learnt at Chalmers in the implementation of Initiatives Inc., a capital risk company owned then by the municipality and to-day 75% private and 25 % public, and in the creation of Barcelona Activa, a municipal entreprise helping young professionals and women to establish small businesses. 3 �4 A lot of time has elapsed since then. But as I will stress later on there is still a long way to go in the cooperation between local goverment, business and universities. Universities have to change a lot their corporatist approach to social life and business. And cities have to understand to what extent they can help to welfare by creating links and both assuming resposibilities from higher levels of government and devolving them to citizens. Business can help a lot in teaching both governments and universities to increase efficiency. But at the same time they will certainly learn to deal with them in a more friendly way, because they themselves will depend on the efficiency of social overhead and the multiplication of knowledge in specific territories. Malmoë has produced a splendid example, along with Copenhaguen, in the strenghtenning of the the European network of cities and communications, with the new bridge. This is one of the best news of the year 2000 for all Europeans. I am a believer in Adam Smith's sentence that growth is bom out of the expansion of markets. One thing only has to de added: markets do not grow solely by long distance investment; markets grow of the deepenning of connections between more or less close by agglomerations of people otherwise barely related to each other. The Internet revolution hinges on this principle: it makes long distance exchanges cheaper and quicker, at the same time that it allows for the multiplication of closer contacts with close people, a factor which ends up being crucial. This is so much so that the great difficulty, as I recall, in the auction of the cable network in Stockholm by Telia was the related obligation for the winning company to extend a costly cable system far North in Sweden. Density is still a decissive factor in the networking business. Part of the talk about the coming changes in the pattern of locational decisions due to internet is unfortunately empty talk. Investments like the ones Malmoë has been experiencing in recent years are more strategic than certain very advertised year 2000 wonders. The bridge for one, but the recovery of the old entrepôts close to the harbour also (I very well recall the meeting there of the victorious ESParty after Jospin and Blair had arrived to government in 1997). A city with dead zones is an ill city. Citizenship requires elimination of nonsense spots. Remaking a city is a long process of giving sense and beauty - as Richard Rogers reaclls once and again - to every corner. 4 �5 The combination of a big event project with a fixed capital program of city improvements is the winning strategy. Some say this was the secret of the Barcelona "renaissance", related to the 1992 Olympic Games. They are right. Yet it is also true that the event alone does not necessarily help. The event provides for a certain climate which is very helpful in creating the synergies, private and public, which will change the city. And it gives coverage to a particular city image and name. You then are in the market. But you have to produce something more than a momentum. You have to produce something consistent and stable, for good. The improved city becomes then the product and the engine of new moves ahead. This is specially important for cities which are not capital cities. True cities so to speak. Capital cities enjoy the advantages of a critical mass of movements, both real and virtual, physical and financial. Cities as such do not. They have to create their own capitality in a sense or another. They have to produce their critical mass, which is not given by political density. This enterprise is one in which the wellbeing of the human adventure is at stake. Malmoë is one of these places. 5 �6 ¡Global village or a world of cities Cities, congestion, and diversity are at times the names of the issue that the world is more afraid of. Cities appear to be the real problem, because they are WHERE the problems appear. Let me explain a little bit what my experience of mayor has taught me in this connection. At times the quick rythm at which the process of massification and urbanization occurs in a given city or neighbourhood, overcomes initially the capacity of the altready established and of their buildings and social structures to absorb diversity, or the ability of the ethnic majorities to share social life, or of those whose wealth is not currently used to contribute to public spacefinancingto do it, or of grown ups with repect to young ones, or of local youngs with repect to young newcomers and even of old and established inmmigrants vis à vis the more recent ones. It is true that a well managed city is able to absorb incredible amounts of diversity. Cities act as a kidney able to purify an amazing amount of liters of the fluid in circulation But, as in the case of the kidney, given certain circumsances, a limit to this assimilation capacity appears. The limit can be improved or enlarged, thanks to robust democratic and c ommunity values but cannot be totally denied. It dependes a lot on the density of the phenomenon of diversity over space and time, and therefore on the ability to obtain good processes of integration in specific neighborhoods and over specific periods of time. This is why the robustness of neighborhoods, communities, cities and regions, as well as of local businesses, has a lot to do with a well accepted cultural plurality or, to use a name that does not satisfy me totally, with multicumiralism Left parties have been too slow in assuming the complexity of these processes as well as conservative parties have been playing the greedy but dangerous game of obtaining popular suport, namely working class support, against newcomers. This is going to be one of the political keys to the quality of life in cities, among other factors. We will need in Europe perhhaps not 100 million inniigrants in the next 50 years, as was predicted, but well around 50 million - a million a year -. This in case we suceed in aplying in general in Europe measures of the kind you in Scandinavia have been able to design some time ago in thefieldsof the increase in birth rates and in that of the ability of couples or singles to go on working while having young kids, which amounts to the same. Otherwise the problem will be only compounded at a larger scale. 6 �7 And we should even recall that Gosta Espin Andersen has showed the costs and problems of the Scandinavian welfare model, which is in many senses superior to the continental or the anglosaxon one, in case wages in the service sector follow the quick growth of those in the new economy. Up to here we have seen a reasonable sociopolitical approach to the growth of cities. But also an economic approach to the growing size of cities is possible. It can be helpful in obtaning some clues for the design of strategies of improvement at the local and regional level. You see in the present graph how the equilibrium size (Pe) of a city does not often coincide with the optimum size (P*) • P* P" Population OPTIMUM SIZE (P*) AND ACTUAL SIZE (P") OF CITIES 7 �Population growth does not stop at the minimum average costs per person, where the city size would obtain a so-called optimum (the cheapest town per person), but goes beyond towards an non-optimal or extra-optimal actual population perhaps because people, in moving or not to that particular city, perceive the predominant average cost rather than the actual marginal cost of the last arriving to it. perhaps because the relative prices countryside/city have changed in favor of the latter so that the countryside is not able any more to buy urban services, among them education, health and leisure. (In my country many aged people, not only the more mobile youngsters, move to bigger towns because of the health and pharmaceutical services) Should we be scared by that hypotetical tendency of cities to go beyond their better size ? No. It is a fact of life that people in general prefer to live together than alone, and for sound reasons. Let's disregard for the sake of the argument the case of third world megapolis which involves a much longer chain of resoning. We concentrate in the cities of the Northwestern hemisphere. Here and now we should find ways to compensate for congestion costs and other negative externalities as we experience them At any rate the psychology of people and social thinkers as to the amenities or threats involved in urban life and in general in a world of increasing population has proved in history a very cyclical one. Ricardo and Malthus foresaw global stagnation linked to the increase in population and to the extension of the margin of bad land being cultivated. They didn't count on America. Almost 2 centuries after (from 1815 to 1974) the Meadows Report told us about the same: in 1994, according to their MIT research, there would be no oil left ( not good land this time but oil). It is perhhaps not the best moment to comment on oil prices, but 25 years passed the deadline, it is hard to deny that stagnation is not precisely the rule of the day. �9 Let's take a recent example and we will realize both thefragilityof predictions, with their underlying doctrines, and the need to approach regional and urban strategies on sounder basis, which is the main purpose of KOMMEK 2000, as I understood it. One of the cultural vehicles that I respect most, the British weekly THE ECONOMIST, evolved in the last years in the following way: a cover story announced five or six years ago that "Hell is an American City". That cover portrayed a picture of a crippled, poor black person walking against the background of decaying housing units in, say, the Bronx. The very definition of hell was made to correspond to that image. Not much later, proving the candidness of their managers, the same magazine conducted a thorough reasearch showing in the end that the tide had turned around and that cities had become the place of knowledge creation and knowledge transmission. Two years and a half ago (1998, Jan 10th, p.15) THE ECONOMIST showed that ''America's cities can yet be resurrected". The period since the 1960's, when central cities began to loose populetion, has ended. This changing psychology about thefeteof cities permits us to think of the global world in a new manner. We can now think not in an abstract and inmaterial global village, which otherwise is not a true and practical reality, but in a world of cities, which is a more reasonable hypothesis. T4e best way to get to a real global village is therefore to build a world of cities That would function well Reasonably open And efficiently interconnected This is valid too not only at the world level but also at the national or regional level. An efficient nation and an efficient region will be those who have built an efficient system of cities. 9 �From the system of cities to the single city For any given city of the system we have to take into account three principles: 1 - The city does not admit internal islands or lack of communication 2 - Both misery and wealth tend to colonize their environment 3 - The city is an intermediate level between society and state and also between market and state. Out of these three principles stem three policy rules. But let's first explain better what mean by incommunication, colonization and the intermediate role of cities. 1 - The basis of the existence of cities is the existence of economies of scale or economies of agglomeration. Until a certain threshold, of which we talked before, living together in agglomerations is cheaper than living alone or in small population entities. But this implies the inexistence of obstacles to the interaction of those living together. A city with incommunicated or seggregated small neighborhoods would be the worse of the worlds, that of the lack of scale and that of the lack of access to services. 2 - The tendency of economically segregated cities is towards incomunication. Fear of those who have less (or are ethnically different) and price of land where those who have more live makes economic diversity very difficult in any given part of the city. 3 - The proximity of citizens to local goverment and local services makes cities more accountable than nation-states. The perception of what I get from and what I pay to local government is much more straightforward than in nations. The three policy rules emerging from this picture are the following: 1.- The city must prevent barriers of all kind from existing. Public space should provide all citizens with a sense of pride and with easy access to services. In Barcelona we talked about "monumentalizing" the working class periphery and "hygienizing" the old downtown. We meant to eliminate the urbanistic barriers of suurban or dwntown lack of quality . We spent a lot in the quality of the interventions in poor neigborhoods and even more in preventing internal ghettoes. 2.- Free riding must be prohibited. Wealthy metropolitan suburbs paying low taxes and making daily use of tax expensive and poorly equipped downtowns makes for a vicious circle of poverty and wealth. Metropolitan areas must be recognized not only for statistical purposes but also to produce a fair sharing of the costs of the real agglomeration. �3.- Cities should obtain a larger share of public responsibilities if we want to optimize the accountability of governments. The subsidiarity principle declared in the European Treaty should not be limited to the relationship between the nation-states and the Union. The last point deserves some comment. Cities could and should become the first level of a reorganization of government in the sense of competitivity and equivalence between price and service. Regions can become the place of devolution of government to cities and citizens, by defining the economic and overhead strategies needed to survive in an open world market. Cities can do more than just being perceived as more sensitive to local needs and costs. A proposal! Cities can create virtual markets by being audited on several counts by independent bodies. My proposal is that European cities and universities network to define a battery of common urban indicators on a regular time basis. The items to be measured could be initially the following: 1 - Pollution 2 - Noise 3 - Criminality 4 - Traffic accidents 5 - Housing prices 6 - Educationa levels 7 - Health 8 - Justice 9 - Public transport A tentative set of the correspoding indicators could be: 1 - CO 2 in the air (three points in tne city) 2 - The % of main streets with more than 60 decibels 3 - Victimation rate 4 - People killed in accident per 100.000 inhabitants 5 - The # of yearly wages to buy a new/used apartment �12 6 - Scool drop outs in % 7 - Life expectancy, infant mortality and basic health assistance cost 8 - Average time ofjudicial resolution for minor offences 9 - Commerial speed By regularly auditing efficiency in a number of urban services cities in credibility. The corresponding universities of these cities would provide for the needed relayability of the audits. It is not unlikely that the London School of Economics ( via theUrban Program, conducted by Richard Sennet and T. Burnett) can engage in a similar kind of project. In the last meeting of the Advisory Council of the program that I attended, mention was made of the fact that the LSE was analyzing the possibility of cooperation in a series of projects with a number of European universities (Humbolt in Berlin, the University of Milano and Sciences Politiques in La Sorbonne, to which I would like to add the University of Barcelona, via the Aula Barcelona program). Businness and in particular the financial sector would certainly welcome this kind of effort. The rankings of cities obtained by surveying businnessmen on a certain number of charecteristics of European cities are helpful (namely the Healey and Baker ranking survey). What I am proposing is a complementary kind of measure, not based on opinion but in objective measures conducted on common basis and similar protocols by a network of independent University departments. Local and regional finance, once the Euro is adopted, is going to become a booming sector. Perhapps the FòreningsSveriges Kommunalekonomer and the FôreningSparbanken, which is already operating in the Swedish local finance market, would be interested in obtaining good records of municipal efficiency in European cities. Certain mayors are not enthusistic about it. They probably don't know that they will be forced to give up if they want to be financed in the not so distant future. 12 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 02. Activitat professional Type The nature or genre of the resource Sèrie Description An account of the resource Documentació emanada de l'exercici professional de Pasqual Maragall. - Gabinet Tècnic de Programació de l'Ajuntament de Barcelona (febrer 1965-1968, funcionari 1968-1979) : com a economista. - Servei d'estudis del Banc Urquijo (1965-1968). - Aula Barcelona (setembre 1997 - març 1999): funda i presideix Aula Barcelona com a centre de gestió del coneixement per a l'administració de les ciutats. És un espai comú de reflexió entre universitat, empresa i administració en relació amb la ciutat i el seu passat, present i futur. No tenen tipus Tipo temporal para mapear las fichas sin tipo a la base resource template de Omeka S Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Factors that contribute to a successful and prosperous region in a global world Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Maragall, Pasqual, 1941- Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2000-07-18 Type The nature or genre of the resource Conferència Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Textual Language A language of the resource Anglès Subject The topic of the resource Economia Ciutats Globalització Description An account of the resource Conferència organitzada per l'Ajuntament de Malmö, la Federació Sueca de Municipis i el Förenings Sparbanken. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Malmö (Suècia) Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Aquest document és còpia digital d'una còpia en paper custodiada a l'Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya. EAD Archive The Encoded Archival Description is a common standard used to describe collections of small pieces and to create hierarchical and structured finding aids. Level The hierarchical level of the materials being described by the element (may be other level too). Document Discursos i conferències https://arxiupmaragall.catalunyaeuropa.net/files/original/8/2836/200203_CitiesGlobalWorld_PM_JdNadal.pdf e2b95e520ae78e162977f37028073d3d PDF Text Text CITIES IN A GLOBAL WORLD From the pvramid to the web ... with a few steps in between 1.- lntroduction Let me present sorne th inking about certain aspects of the matter which 1 consider to be crucial. 1will highlight, of course, the non-cooperative aspects of the globalization process. 1 will try to explaín in particular how a globatly networked world, one that opens new opportunities instead of turther promoting nationalism and hierarchy, provokes what 1will call "vertigo of new treedoms". 1 will attempt to establish a first conclusion, highlighting the need for new public policies in a world that pretends to be increasíngly líberalized. In this context, 1 would like to draw attention to the capacity of the local world to play an active role. Borrowing the New Citizenship concept from Saskia Sassen, 1will insist on the positive role of local agents and politicians. Based on this point. 1 will attempt to compare the idea of the Global Village with the idea of a world of cities that compete and cooperate, leading to two important points: No abstract paradigm of the city exists. lnstead we have one of concrete cities, each one with specific possibilities and limits, which leads us to the second point: the need to have comparable indicators of each specific reality in arder to enhance the ability to perform. Herein, líes the general framework of what 1wish to say. 1" X 1'. 1 would like to begin my presentation by citing one of the many documents (more than 140,0001) that are floating around on the web and that respond to the connection of the two key words of our topic: Cities and Globalization. The following passage is taken from the rev1ew done by Dr. Mit Mitropoulos of IAPS (Peop1e- Environment Studles lntern1tlona/ A:ssoci11tíon) In hls book 'H1blt•t. Citl.:> in A Glob1/i%/ng Worfd··Globel Report on 0 Human Settlements". The author ends hls review with a subtle and lronic twist . He writes: "Back in 1954 Laszlo Benedek directed The Wild One, with Marlon Brando riding with a roar �into tidy-silent Wrightsville. He is floater Johnny, leading a mottey bunch of motorcyclists wearing leather branded Black Rebels. The other character in the scene is a local haírdresser in her prime. The hairdresser asks Johnny cheekily, "What are you rebelling about?" Johnny responds, "What have you got?" The scene occurs during a decisíve moment of the Fordist-Keynesian production model that began in 1945 and would guarantee three decades of sustained growth in industrial production as well as the establishment of the Welfare State for developíng COUntrieS. As Steffen Schnei_de_r declares (Post-Fordism, the Resurgencfl of the Local State, and Naw Forms of Urban Gavernance: A~ments and Deficíts of an Emerging Meta-N1trrative) : "There is now widespread consensus on the combination of economic and politlcal factors that enabled the Western Industrializad countrias to recovar from the Graat Dapression and to enjoy three decadas of unprecedented growth and stability after 1945. According to the standard aceount, this phase of capitalist davelopment was, natlonal variations notlNithstanding, basad on Fordlsl mass production and its macroeconomic regulation In and through tha Keynesian wettare state. "The logic of the Fordist-Keynesian paradigm was tied to national, demand and employment orientad macroeconomic regulation even though it was embedded in a specific international arder, characterized by United States dominance, the Bretton Woods system am:1- the--first- steps- towards trade liberalization, and also entailed specific functions for urban regions and local governments. The urban regions around industrial cities were the main sitas, and the phenomenon of suburbanization - often actively encouraged by national housing and transportatíon policies - was an important element of the "virtuous circle" of mass production and mass consumption that sustained economic growth and stability in the postwar era. Yet local variations in the forms of production and consumption are considered Jargely irrelevant in the literature, and local governments are described as having a subordinate role during that time - namely, as local arm of the Keynesian welfare state, responsible for providing the infrastructure of Fordist mass production, administeríng the welfare programs of central governments, and organizing social consumption." (Steffen Schneider) 2.- Development without solidarity While 1 apologiza for such a long quotation, 1 believe it provides clarity, and 1 would now like to retum to the contemporary Johnnys and hairdressers of our world. Today the paradigm has changed: we are in the Post-Fordist era. But in �Barcelona the World Bank suspended a seminar far fear of the recurrence of the events that unfolded in Geneva which constitute a precedent for disturbances anywhere in the world where representatives of a global economy or commerce gather. Despite the change in style that the Davos gathering in New York tried to present, a few thousand people protestad against this symbol of globalization. In Barcelona, the measures of security on the occasion of the European summit on March 141h have been taken to extremes of dubious value. ( .. . ) There are still rebels. What are they rebelling about? What have we got? In PortoAlegre an important acknowledgement was openned far the need to react, not only in a mood of protest but also through política! and civic action, to the globalization of the economy and technology. This reaction can be summed up in one simple phrase: it is necessary to confront the globalization of the economy, technology ar power with the globalization of solidarity. Hardly a novelty. Yet sorne new concepts were introduced into the argument. Nongovernmental organizations and city govemments from Europe and Latín America called far greater coordination between local authorities and civil society to prevent marginalization and social exclusion. \ "The crisis of values has been globalizad, which means that we have lo globallze solidarity," nid Martln Pumar, mayor of Villa El Salvador, a poor nelghborhood in Lima, to IPS. - According to Martin Pumar, the aim of the Euro-Latin American Third Sector Observatory, which met severa! times in Brazil during the January 25-30 World Social Forum, is to foment partnerships and development projects carried out jointly by civil society and municipalities. The Observatory was just ene of a number of workshops and conferences held parallel to the plenary sessions of the World Social Forum. Giampiero Rasimelli, president of Ares, an ltalian NGO, said globalization has .....__ given rise to profound social imbalances between the índustrialized North and the developing South, as well as within each regían ar country. And "the cost is paid by the Citizens, Cities and democracy," he Said. Urgent changas mus! be brought about by governmant efforts and lnltlatives based on !he potential of globaHzation and new technotogies for boosting cillzen participation, and on experimenls in local autonomy focussing on sustainable economlc and social development. Partnerships between civil socíety and city governments, he said, have arisen spontaneously as a natural result of sharing experiences, seeking collaboration L.and reflecting on common problems. �Mexican social researcher, Jose Luis Rhl Sausi, said the growing partnershlp between civil sooiety and local governments had its roots in the crisis of development models - the European welfare modal as well as the development-orlentad models adoptad In Latín America. "That has given rise to a profound economic and political restructuring entailing a loss of declsion-maklng jurisdiction and power for the siete," sald Rhl Sausi. The coordlnator of the Euro~atin American Observatory, Claudia Barattini, underlined the growth of the Third Sector - that "ensemble of non-profit economic, social and poírtical lnitiatives, in which the socially-oriented enterprise and citizen groups stand out.• Claudia Barattini pointed out that the so-called "Third Sector'' has grown in a number of countries, but especially in those countries where civil society is best organized. "We believe that we can fashion a simple, multifaceted mechanism for the globalization of communities, civil organizations, and small and medium companies, which discovers its own strength in its capacity to strike up partnerships, based en the quality and simplicity of common experiences," she (... said. In their final document, the more than 100 city govemment officials, mainly from Latín America and Europe and drawn by the World Social Forum, acknowledged the need to work closely with NGO's on initiatives aimed at upholding citizen rights, fomenting social participation and addressing the needs of neglected sectors. The necessary changes could arise in urban or rural areas, but the gap between mainstream society and the marginalized, which is widening in today's globalized world, was most starkly visible in the cities . In addition, they said, cities are the scenario where social aspirations and innovative responses affirming the quality of life and the rights of human beings are mainly played out. The mayors called for a modification of the tendency to marginalize sectors of the population, proposing common policies to tackle social exclusion and greater coordination between cities to work out problems and achieve a stronger presence in both the national and intemational spheres. Thay agreed that it was Indispensable to work together with citlzen groups to resolve the housing crisis and extend urban services to alt, as well as to address the needs of the poor through a more just distributíon of public funds, with greater backing from central govemments. The local authoritíes called for greater participation in the development of national economies, in arder to improve the insertion of countries into the global economy, "without lopsided dependencies". To do that, they argued that �progress must be made towards the adoption of mechanisms aimed at controlling intemational capital flows . The mayors expressed their backing ~fthe Tobin Tax, the well known - or not so well known - tariff on intemational financia! transactions that would gather funds for the fight against poverty at the national as well as the local leve!. The deputy mayor of Lisbon, Vasco Franco, said it was nota question of being for or against globalization, "but against exclusion." "(Cities) can make a difference, by contributing to setting rules for unregulated globalization," said Franco. He also pointed out that social aspects were fundamental to that process, and that "local govemments have much to contribute." (Source: Third World Network) lt is evident that the new era, or the age of technology, the market and the economy taken as a whole, together with global power, is creating in many cities a pessimistic view of the immediate futura: In this pesslmlstlc seenarlo, processes of globalization drlven by the accumulatlon strategles of transnational corporatlons 1re sean as central, while state restrueturing is perceived as largely based on the neo-Uberal agenda. In such a context, increased local autonomy is the privilege of a few global cities, while the scope and contents of innovation in urban govemance are dictated by market imperativas. The optimistic scenario, by contrast, presents a discourse of "hope" according to which economic and labor market policies implemented by local govemments can foster a progressive, general and sustainable alternative both ·to obsolete Keynesian and discredited neo-liberal strategies - an alternativa that supports growth together with social equity, more genuine democratic participation and improved quality of life. �3.- Technotogical changes: a new economy in a new space But befare evaluating possible scenarios, we must observe one fact, almost an empirical affirmation: our societies are moving at an accelerated pace from the pyramid to the web. That is to say, they are ceasing to be hierarchical, mononuclear and predictable and are becoming reticular, polycentric and open realities. Í This profound global transformation, the causes of which we will discuss shortly, presents opportunities and challenges, both from an economic and social point of view. 1 will try to explain how, in arder to take advantage of these opportunities and confront these challenges, it is particularly important to equip oneself with efficient, flexible and public policies based on cooperation. In addition, in arder to make these policies effective, they must be deeply linked to each specific location, to each territory. Territory meaning here a triangle formed by terrirorial govemment, universities and firms. 1 propase, then, the consideration of the well known paradox: in an interconnected and polycentric society, the importance of local factors increases instead of decreasing]What política! implications should we extract from this Uobservation? Let's have a look. J The motor fer the move from pyramid to web is, above all, technological. The development of information technologies has allowed for profound changes. Manuel Castells explained this in clear fashion: "Productivity, competitiveness , communication and, finally, power depend essentially on the capacity to generate knowledge and to process information in all areas of the economy and society". From a territorial point of view, ene of the consequences of the development of these technologies - among which the Internet is, without expression - adóubt, the highest is the reduction of spatial barriers. That is to say, the physical and administrative obstacles that, over the centurias, have made the movement of information, capital and goods difficult, tend to be drastically reduced. This removal of spatial barriers has led to a much higher capacity far the mobility of factors: greater volatility of capital, more rapid diffusion of t< �innovations, configuration of integrated and selectiva channels of communication. And this greater mobility breaks up the geography of countries and regions and integrates them into networks. These ínclude networks of individuals, companies and universities. They are flexible networks that are constantly changing and often do not rely on a rigid hierarchical structure. Therefore, it is difficult far any territorially based power, be it a municipality, a state ar the European Union, to control them. But it not true that nothing can be done to overcome these difficulties. 4.- Our challenges: advantages and fears of certain liberties that do not belong to everyone The economic and social opportunities presentad by this development are enormous. We will mention only one, the most obvíous one: the United States has undergone the longest uninterrupted growth cycte in its history (interrupted only by what may be one of the shortest crisis, if the optimistic data of the past few days is true) without inflatíon, only interrupted in 2001 to give way to a period of stagnation that seems to be on the mend. This is a period of growth that escapes, then, the classic parameters of economic cycles and, although offering any single explanation is still risky, it must doubtlessly have something to do with the ínvestment in technology and the organizational changas that this investment has brought about. In addítion, the monopoly on information and knowledge that has been in the hands of a few people for centuries has been broken. This information and knowledge is now freely accessible, at least to eveíyone who is integrated into the web. However, this new situation, this increase in free spaces, is not exempt from risks. In the first place, the transition from rigidly hierarchical systems to a situation in which - as Brecht's Galileo would say -"each one and no one can be the center", produces a certain vertigo. But the risks do not only arise from �the difficulty in adapting to changes. In effect, the freedom that the web offers can also represent an exclusion factor. One of territorial and social exclusion. In many parts of the globe, the access to the web is impossible for vast numbers of the population. Thus, the differences between that third of the world's population that lives in relatively well-integrated areas and the remaining two thirds are at risk of widening. This is true not only for the countries of the socalled third world. Even in the most advanced countries, bread territorial areas are being marginalized due to reasons of weak infrastructures or by price differences. This is the case with rural areas of the United States, and it could well happen in various European countries, including Spain. In my region, Catalonia, ene of the densest and most advanced in Spain, the deadline fer connection between the 41 district or county capitals through a wide band network has not been respectad. lt was assumed that it would be in place a year ago. lt has not. Now the quasi-monopolist of telecommunications, Telefónica, accounting for 86% of total communications as against 14% far the hundred companies in the trade, has offered ADSL solutions, accepted by the Catalan govemment, but not completely by the almost 800 hundred municipalities (out of 900 existing ones) organized in a powerful net called Localret. This net is decisive since the subsoil or underground cartography is mainly in its hands and operators need it badly. This is a fascinating conflict involving majar and lesser operators (i.e., monopoly and competition) as well as major and smaller political authorities. The "A" in Adsl meaning asynchronic (or asymmetric) services, that is to say, wide discharging capacity or consumption capacity and lesser sending or production capacity, the present solution is suitable for operators but not for local representatives. You can buy a marvelous version of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony living in the mountains 200 hundred Kms away from Barcelona, but you cannot send your own musical production from there. Conclusion: you can be a far away consumer but not a far away producer. The whole tale about ubiquity of production becomes simply not true. (Recall the Stockholm "Bangemann Challenge" story) �Furthermore, society's development of knowledge could ampHfy social differences in the same way: dueto reasons of age, training, and capacity far adaptation in very large sactors of the population. 5.- The need for public policies: the inevitability of technotogical transformation (but not of its social consequences} In light of these challenges it is important to be aware that, as absurd as it is to oppose technological transformation, there is no reason far us to have to accept its negative impacts, either from the territorial viewpoint ar from the social viewpoint. In fact, certain public policies can help to resolve, ar at least mitigate, these negative effects. These policies do not have to stem in any way from govemments' will to control the development of the web, either in its economic or cultural aspects. This constitutes a chimera that is impossible to accomplish from a technical standpoint. In addition, it would be absolutely counterproductive. In effect and quite counter to what it may seem, entering the new economy with a specific social model is the only way by which European countries can maintain and even increase the model of social protection and cohesion that characterizes them. Only through the increase in productivity derived by such a model will it be possible to achieve the necessary leeway for redistribution. Thus, rather than trying to limit or control the development of the network, the activity of governments must be directed at just the opposite: attempting to facilitate the adaptation of society to the network and of the network to societal potentialities. And avoiding that its development brings about an increase in inequalities and factions among social and territorial groups. In this sense, the formativa aspects upan which we can elaborate today are, in my estimation, fundamental: ensuring the quality of education (not only through the contents or the means available, but also through a substantial improvement of work conditions and the social consideration of those who do that work); incorporating ali social sectors, regardless of age or origin, in the �knowledge pertaining to new technologies (with "literacy" campaigns about the Internet); not allowing, at any cost, the differences among the various educational centers (rural/urban, public/private) to lead to inequalities in terms of opportunities far accessing the network. Along with the formative aspects, it is imperative to ensure, logically, the complete coverage (the more simultaneous the better) of the entire territory with infrastructures that permit equal access to the web. lf the opposite becomes true, the network's development will only lead to new marginal spaces. As such, far from being a technical discussion, the debate over the territorial development of the network is one loaded with political meaning: in reality, it involves the equality of opportunities among citizens, regardless of their origin and place of residence. And it means also a better profit far the countless investments made historically in now deserted land and villages. 6.- The strategic importance of local factors and policies In bringing these policies to term, in confronting these challenges, it could be assumed at the outset that the activities of local and regional powers - cities, and regions - are irrelevant. Thus, in a progressively interrelated world in which economic agents vastly surpass local situations, the question could be asked, "What importance can municipal or regional decision-making have?" But here we come upon the lovely paradox: in a network-based society, the importance of local factors, far from decreasing, actually increases. This is so because the enhanced ability to choose between situating activities in one place or another - placing a company in Barcelona, Lyon or Casablanca- increases the importance of the comparative advantage that can be derived from each location. This is the basis of the "local renaissancé" which has been discussed so much in recent years. This is the reason why local policies are taking on the highest importance. The success of the simultaneous policies of adaptation to the web and maintenance of the social protection systems of small countries such as Finland �ar The Netherlands provide irrefutable guidelines to follow in this field. The data concerning these two countries are both impressive and inspirational. In Finland, far example, 58% of the adult population has an advanced degree related to science or technology, the public and prívate investment in R+D is around 4% of the GDP, risk capital represents 0.15% of the GDP (compared to the European average of 0.06% and Spain's 0.02%) and the Internet is used regularly by 41.4% of the population. And ali of this occurs within the framework of a Scandinavian-level social security system. This, without a doubt, is the road to follow. The transition from the pyramid to the web, from a hierarchical society to a reticular one, opens enormous possibilities and presents important challenges. And the future of Europe depends largely on our capacity to confront these challenges from each and every one of our cities and regions. (Source: PM, From the pyramid to the web) 7.- From citizenship to the city. Saskia Sassen, 03.07.97, Transformations of Citizenship Saskia Sassen has highlighted with excellent criteria three partial yet strategic aspects of the political discourse regarding globalization. The first involves a loss of accountability regarding quasi-govemmental activities carried out by institutions, companies and prívate or deregulated organizations to whom the market structure has bestowed certain powers. A propos of this, it is certainly not too late to incorporate the example of opaque power of the agencies in rating the irresponsibility of a certain large consulting company in the Enron case. uunshrinking" the possibilities fer openness and accountability is also within reach for the political activities of citizens concentrated in cities. In my country, municipal pressure groups that demand higher quality energy infrastructures are creating an incipient counterbalance to the private companies that provide energy. The private services managing toll freeways are being obligated to enter into dialogue with municipalities affected by the terms �of their concessions. The large ports in the Internet and the society of knowledge offered by municipal libraries are competing with certain success to lower the connection costs controlled by the telecommunícation multínationals. In other words, the implementation of this new concept of citizenship that affects not only private persons but also important collectives can retum to cities and their new policies part of the power that disappears with this strategic consequence of globalization. Sassen finds the second strategic element of globalization in the growing importance of human rights. She terms this dynamic, "the ascendancy of the international human rights regime. In many ways, it reduces the significance of nationally based citizenship in terms of rights attached to individuals, no matter what the nationality in question might be. lmmigrants and refugees have ctearly been a crucial instance through which this intemational human rights regime has demonstrated sorne of its influence and power". Allow me to insist that the reduction of nationally-based citizenship in terms of rights attached to individuals finds its clearest reality ín terms of the city insofar as the city is the continent of many of these rights. 1 return to my former reference: a citizen of Barcelona coming from abroad can be a person deprived of certain rights derivad of "nationalíty", for example the right to work or to unionize. But an important battle is unfolding in arder to provide that citizen with all the rights of a citizen . Citizens have many rights, but not all: the right to vote is missing for sorne. In the new Barcelona Charter now passing through the prove of Congress, a window is open to the possibility of immigrants locally censed even if not nationally legalized, as well as of 16 to 18 year old youngsters to participate in the elections of their disctrict or neighborhood representativas. Comig back to Sassen, if she polnts out soma ot the positiva and strateglc aspects of globallzatlon, allow me to add to the role of international justice organizations that monitor human rights the many examples that deepen the exercise of these rlghts at the city lave!. Ona example of this would be the Networ1< of Rafuga Clties that taka in authors deprived of their rights to opinion In their countries of origin. Another would be the Network of Educatlng Cillas, that broadcasts around the world local experiencas within the framework of respect and deepaning of these rights. We could add to these the very existllflca of departments within the City Councll that specialize in promoting !hase rights within the city environment as wall as in intervening in moments and areas of conflict. And we should no! neglect to mantlon the citizen aspect of the NGO's that specialize in this area. Once agaln, it seems claar to me that lf globallzation does not serve to create a network for confronting hierarchy, not e single one of these positiva strategic factors such as the fomentlng of Human Rlghts wHI ever be achieved. Tribunal for the Milosevics and Bin Ladens, for su re, but services at the local level for immigrants without papers, as well. Even if In that last issue, established citizens have lo have recognized thair right to secura neighborhoods and decenl schools. Otherwise democracy befna such an lmperfect crealure, the b!nef¡js to �be obtaloed by caplta!lzlng on fgar are h!nt¡istlcal!y hlgh. Needfe$S to polnt lhe rac;t thal most fascjst reglmes haye come out of votes and nO! out o! "coups' . The thlrd strateglc element that Sassen menllons is precisely the crisis of the classic concept of democratic representation via the vote. By thls 1 mean the degree to which new and old collectives do not feet represented, l.e. feminists, human rights advocates, immigrants. lf she focuses her attantlon on !he progressive importance of international law, 1 also would llke to highlight the factors of proximity, solidarity and participation that oughl to characterize cities. The representation of the city does not escape the need to go further into the contradictions of that democracy that, in the sixties, wa oalled ''formal". But the city has (or can hava) very powerful lnstruments far overoomlng "formalism•. The citizen, whether lndivldually as part of a collective, feals this proximity to power by belng able to attend tha debates of their representativas In arder to promete publlc interest initiatives. Tha intensive application of the principie of subsidiarity recognlzed in the Europaan Carter of Local Autonomy can furthar optimiza the proximity of the citizenry to local powar lnsofar as thls Is eble to resolve a wider spectrum of neads and establish a broadar array of programs. Finally, the right of participation at the local leve! far surpasses the simple delegation of representation by means of the vote: topical municipal counclls and publlc heartngs are two examples. 1 have chosen to follow the pattern of this article by Sassan first and toremost out of en lnterest in her strateglo appreciation. Howaver, there is a sacond reason for this as well. lt involves the city. And !he city Is the most significan! meaos by which to damonstrate that tha process of globallzation is not necassarily a "zero sum game" in which increased global power m&ans dlminished local power. The city can add value or diminlsh disadvantages as long as the movement is from a hiararchical conception of political action to a web concapt. Both !he axtension of accountabillty as well as tha dafanse of human rights and represantation of minority or individual rlghts have two routas for compllmentary prograss: the "supranationar powars and influence (laws, lnstitutions, publlc opinion, etc) that are derivad from or are mechanisms of globalizetion, and the deepaning of local autonomy and establishment of challenges of coordinatlon or simply competition among lhese powers. 1 spoke before of a pessimistic scenario regardlng the globalization process as well as a contrasting one of optimism. Now that it Is in vague among certain individuals to qualify the Post-Fordian modal as a Nao-Schumpeterian modal, it would be a good idea to remamber why Shumpater forecast the fall of capitalism. 1 illustrate with the ever sharp and concisa words of Joan Robinson: "The increasa in the standard of living and tha diffuslon of aducation create a class of unsatisfied intellectuals that channel aod articulate the resentment ot tha masses In faca of toequality, inaquality without which capitalism cannot function. Above all, the business function becomes antiquated due to technologicai progr ess. Wth !he devalopment of the large-scala compaoy and experimental sciance, true lnnovation is reduced to routine and the buslnassman degenerates into a bureaucrat". This lncrease in the standard of living has occurred In developlng countries, and education has baen diffusad. Thare now exists a class of unsatisfied lntellectuals that denounce inequalities. But techoological progress has etimulatad the appearance of new, innovative entreprenaurs that, using experimental sciances as a basls, have lnnovated in nonbureaucratlc ways. And some·analysts, though lacking necessary indicators and about which 1will speak later, balieve that the models ot local progressive power are not indifferent to tha continuad fight against lnequafüy and !he resulting apparition of new opportun~ies for innovation. 8.- Global village or world of cities What stirs people up are cities because cities are the real probfem, the problem that is visible. But people's unstoppable instinct is to conglomerate, to live �The truly interesting thing is the way in which these vast new spaces are realizing that their fundamental intemal policy is the building of the backbone of a system of powertul cities: Eurocities and the Regions Committee, Mercocities, CityNet in Asia, United Towns of Africa, etc. Two years from now, in 2004, in Paris, the United Cities Organization will be created alongside the U.N.O. The fact is that an advanced group of daring cities have begun to construct a network of world cities. Even if we speak of cycles of optimism and pessimism, we ought to speak about the accumulation of future phases and past phases, in each moment of time, with more or less dramatic adjustments). Sorne bibliographical references and sources on thls process of creation of Uniled Cilies along side the Unlted Nations include the following: Río-Barcelona Oeclaration 1992***: two hopes with the name city. Agenda 21. The works by J. Borja'*, M. Castells**, Jorge Wilhem, F.E. Cardoso, M. Cohen (World Bank..): J would call them "sociologists in the conques! of action". 1 should add Jaime Lemer. lstanbul OO. AMCAL Declaratlon (Assembly of Clties and Local Authorltles)'*. HABITAT Declarallon 2••. Amsterdam, May 15-16, 1997. European summlt of reglons and clties. Final Declaration. Rapport Stoiber-Gomes. Final PMM Speech** European Charter on local autonomy ••. Councll of Europa. European Union Treaty. Preamble. Cities in a Globalizing World: Global Report on Human Setllements 2001 Jan. 25-30, 2002, World Social Forum. Porto Alegre Befare coming to the last point in my proposal, 1judge it necessary to qualify the premature appearance of the concept of globalization and of the global village in one of the following ways: • as a sublimation based on a thin empirical veneer; • as a genuine hope of peace; �prices in poor sections is good and pulling them down in rich ones is also welcome. 3. Creating a battery of common indicators, with cultural fork if necessary. Towards a virtual market of cities on the following issues: 1) pollution, 2) noise, 3) crime, 4) accidents, 5) housing costs, 6) education levels, 7) health (life expectancy, infant mortality, UBA cost), 8) justice, 9) public transportation commercial speed. These are the analytical, behavioral and policy implications of the socalled Barcelona model. To wrap things up, let me conclude by saying that the radical critique of the neoclassical model has become oldish. The assumption of a fully informed market is more real today than during the first half of the last century; the mobility of production factors has grown to levels unimaginable in those times (who remembers the Hecksher-Ohlin theorem ?), and even the divisibility of productlon factors is greater. One could certainly maintain a radical criticism of static analysis { of the "terrible pedantry of static analysis" of which talked Joan Robinson). But economic analysis offers two equally plausible exits: A system of hierarchically arranged cities that operate independently from the main centers of power where only the first tier plays a significant role in a society close to total globalization. Ora system of network cities that compete, cooperate, unite and innovate by providing added value, minimizing inconveniences and strengthening the advantages of a globalized world. Therein líes the challenge. The first is a rather static model providing a good analytical tool. The second is a rather dynamic model clase to economic policy. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 02. Activitat professional Type The nature or genre of the resource Sèrie Description An account of the resource Documentació emanada de l'exercici professional de Pasqual Maragall. - Gabinet Tècnic de Programació de l'Ajuntament de Barcelona (febrer 1965-1968, funcionari 1968-1979) : com a economista. - Servei d'estudis del Banc Urquijo (1965-1968). - Aula Barcelona (setembre 1997 - març 1999): funda i presideix Aula Barcelona com a centre de gestió del coneixement per a l'administració de les ciutats. És un espai comú de reflexió entre universitat, empresa i administració en relació amb la ciutat i el seu passat, present i futur. No tenen tipus Tipo temporal para mapear las fichas sin tipo a la base resource template de Omeka S Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cities in a global World: from the pyramid to the web ... with a few steps between Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Maragall, Pasqual, 1941- Nadal, Joaquim de Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-03 Type The nature or genre of the resource Conferència Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Textual Language A language of the resource Anglès Subject The topic of the resource Ciutats Globalització Description An account of the resource 15 p. EAD Archive The Encoded Archival Description is a common standard used to describe collections of small pieces and to create hierarchical and structured finding aids. Level The hierarchical level of the materials being described by the element (may be other level too). Document Discursos i conferències https://arxiupmaragall.catalunyaeuropa.net/files/original/23/2815/20020215_NouFederalismeEuropeu_PM.pdf c09c22b387bdeb5810e4c3213e81789b PDF Text Text c • 1^6 JORNADA EUROPA PRÒXIMA: EL NOU FEDERALISME EUROPEU. 15/02/2002 Grup parlamentari del Partit dels Socialistes Europeus Acte de cloenda. Intervenció de Pasqual Maraaall, president del PSC Agrair la presència dels assistents i dels ponents que han participat en les dues taules: sobre el "Nou Federalisme europeu" i "ciutats i regions, motor de l'Europa pròxima". Agrair en particular la presència de col·legues d'altres països europeus que avui ens acompanyen. Hem de recordar amb èmfasi la tradició europeista dels socialistes -que avui les forces de la dreta volen amagarla seva aportació a la creació d'una Europa unida. No ha estat la dreta europea dels Aznar i Berlusconi la que ha impulsat Europa.... El paper rellevant en les dues passades dècades de socialistes com François Miterrand, Felipe González, com a líders estatals i de Jacques Delors, president de la Comissió, en l'aprofundiment de la Unió Europea que han fet possible les conquestes de la Unió, que han fet 1 �possible que avui estiguem parlant d'una veritable Europa Unida en un futur proper, amb la integració dels països de l'Est. També avui els socialistes europeus, des dels governs i des del Parlament estem empenyent les noves etapes de la integració europea: l'estratègia de Lisboa, l'agenda social, la política exterior i de seguretat comuna.... el procés constitucional, l'impuls de Laeken i la Convenció.... Els socialistes catalans estem compromesos amb la construcció d'Europa, d'aquesta "Europa pròxima" que estem configurant, Avui estem assistint a un moment crucial de la construcció europea. Diversos factors així ho assenyalen. L'adopció de l'Curo com la moneda única, com a culminació d'un procés de construcció europea, marcat en les seves últimes fases per Maastricht i el procés de convergència, la creació de la Unió Econòmica i Monetària, el banc Central Europeu i, finalment la moneda única. Avui, 290 milions d'europeus tenen la mateixa moneda. L'Curo és un element molt perceptible, que acosta Europa als ciutadans, que la fa pròxima. I �Com ho van fer l'eliminació de controls i fronteres per als ciutadans europeus, com ho han de fer l'intercanvi d'estudiants, la unificació de les titulacions acadèmiques.... L'Europa pròxima es construeix a través d'avenços concrets perceptibles pels ciutadans en les seves vides quotidianes .... Assistim també al procés de "constitucionalització" d'Europa. Després de Niça i de Laeken, el passat mes de desembre, estem davant d'un mandat de crear una Constitució Europea... I es farà a través d'un procés participatiu. Ja no és un tema reservat tan sols als governs dels Estats... sinó que incorpora els Parlaments i es demana la participació de les societats civils. Un procés que aproximarà Europa als seus ciutadans. Que aproparà per primera vegada de forma ostensible les institucions europees als seus ciutadans, que simplificarà la "maranya" institucional i normativa de la Unió, que és un dels elements que allunyen Europa dels ciutadans. 3 �Un procés que ha d'incorporar també les regions i que ha d'escoltar els poders locals. Avui les regions constitucionals, amb competències que desenvolupen o executen la legislació europea, han de ser considerades. Tenen un rol polític a jugar. Han de participar directament en els treballs de la Convenció del 2004. A través d'aquesta participació en el disseny de la Unió també s'acosta Europa als ciutadans... Veiem Governs estatals reticents en reconèixer la realitat regional... El govern espanyol ens ha donat un exemple recent, en negar la possibilitat que les CCAA participen en els processos de presa de decisions en matèries que son constitucionalment de la seva competència. O en negar-se a les reformes constitucionals necessàries per adequar les nostres estructures institucionals a la nova construcció europea... (Ja és ben curiós que un líder conservador regional, redactor de l'actual Constitució, com és Manuel Fraga, els tingui que donar lliçons als seus companys de partit que 4 �governen Espanya, sobre la necessitat de reformes parcials de la Constitució....) Avancem cap a una Europa pròxima. El procés de constitucionalització d'Europa permet fer un pas valent cap a una delimitació de les competències entre els diferents nivells de govern —local, regional, estatal, europeu—, per a que cadascun assumeixi plenament la seva responsabilitat en la presa de decisions. Per tal de que Europa esdevingui una veritable Federació dels Estats i dels pobles, compromesa a mantenir-se unida i en apropar la gestió política als ciutadans i ciutadanes a través de la descentralització de les decisions, per tal de donar sentit al principi de subsidiarietat. Que permeti associar a la construcció europea les regions, els territoris, les organitzacions de la societat civil. El nou federalisme europeu és l'Europa de la proximitat. És el projecte federal que defensem els socialistes, per a Espanya i per a Europa... El que vol construir Europa amb la seva ciutadania, que vol acostar les decisions al nivell més proper als ciutadans... S �Quin dubte hi ha que els municipis han d'estar estretament associats a les polítiques de la UE que vetllen pels ciutadans: polítiques socials, d'ocupació, polítiques per atendre els fenòmens migratoris.... Cal que el govern espanyol es comprometi amb Europa, d'una manera ferma i il·lusionada. Amb l'ambició de proposta i lideratge que hem perdut des que Felipe González no és al davant del govern espanyol... Tot el que hem avançat amb la integració econòmica i tot el que avançarem... Tot el que tenim davant, amb l'ampliació, amb la globalització, després de l ' l i de setembre, reclamen més Europa... Reclamen un Espai Europeu de Recerca Reclamen una Universitat més europea Reclamen una política econòmica europea amb un responsable europeu Reclamen la política exterior i de defensa europea Ç> �Demanen uns processos de liberalització correctes, que signifiquin millora de la competència i, per tant, de la qualitat de vida dels ciutadans. La cimera de Barcelona ha de posar èmfasi en la correcció els processos de liberalització dels mercats. (Espanya ha obtingut molt pobres resultats en els processos de privatitzacio i desregulacio. Els ciutadans i les empreses no es poden sentir satisfets...) Reclamen la carta de drets, la Europa social... (No voldríem que aquests aspectes fossin negligits en la propera cimera de Barcelona..) ...i reclamen una política activa, amb propostes i iniciativa per a cooperar i col·laborar amb els nostres veïns de la Mediterrània. Els plantejaments que avui governen Espanya no son aquests. Ens allunyen d'aquesta idea d'Europa i volen dissenyar una Espanya allunyada d'aquests valors: una Espanya més centralitzada, més autoritària, menys participativa, més allunyada dels ciutadans, però també dels nostres veïns... Cal que les idees de progrés tornin a governar Espanya. Per això demano l'esforç per a que aquestes idees es vagin estenent i vagin implantant-se... per això és necessari que els socialistes governin Catalunya, per a �superar la dialèctica paralitzant que s'ha establert entre l'Estat i Catalunya, per contribuir també decisivament a que en un futur pròxim les idees de progrés governin Espanya. V � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 04.02. Activitat política Description An account of the resource Recull la documentació generada en relació a Pasqual Maragall en la seva activitat als partits i associacions d'àmbit polític: Front Obrer de Catalunya (FOC), Convergència Socialista de Catalunya (CSC), Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya (PSC), Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE), Ciutadans pel Canvi (CpC). Type The nature or genre of the resource Sèrie No tenen tipus Tipo temporal para mapear las fichas sin tipo a la base resource template de Omeka S Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Intervenció a la cloenda de la Jornada Europa pròxima: El nou Federalisme Europeu Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Maragall, Pasqual, 1941- Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-02-15 Type The nature or genre of the resource Discurs Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Textual Language A language of the resource Català Subject The topic of the resource Europa Pròxima Europa Federalisme Socialisme Ciutats Regions Territoris Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya (PSC-PSOE) Description An account of the resource Jornada organitzada pel Grup parlamentari del Partit dels Socialistes Europeus, en dues taules sobre el "Nou Federalisme europeu" i "Ciutats i regions, motor de l'Europa pròxima". Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Aquest document és còpia digital de l'original custodiat a l'Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya. EAD Archive The Encoded Archival Description is a common standard used to describe collections of small pieces and to create hierarchical and structured finding aids. Level The hierarchical level of the materials being described by the element (may be other level too). Document Arrangement Information on how the described materials have been subdivided into smaller units. UI 295 Discursos i conferències